Sample Lecture Presentations:

Chapter 1: What Is Plant Bioloy?
Chapter 2: Cell structure and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 3: An Introduction to Plant Structure
Chapter 4: Roots, Stems, and Leaves: The Primary Plant Body

The following Information are outlines for the lecture that are given throughout the semester:

Lecture Outline 1:

1. Early History and Development of Plant Study
2. Plant and Primitive People
3. The Emergence of Botany as a Science
4. Herbals Appear
5. The First Microscopes
6. Diversification of Plant Study
7. Plant Science and the Future
8. Summary

Lecture Outline 2:

1. Attributes of Living Organism
2. Growth
3. Reproduction to Stimuli
4. Metabolism
5. Movement
6. Complexity of Organization
7. Adaptation to the Environment
8. Chemical and Physical Bases of Life
9. The Elements: Units of Matter
10. Molecules: Combinations of Elements
11. Bonds and Ions
12. Acids, Bases, and Salts
13. Energy
14. Chemical Components of Protoplasm
15. Carbohydrates
16. Lipids
17. Proteins
18. Enzymes
19. Nucleic Acids
20. Structure of DNA
21. Replication (Duplication) of DNA
22. RNA and Synthesis of Proteins
23. Specific types of RNA and Their Function
24. Their Functions Messenger RNA (mRNA)
25. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
26. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Lecture Outline 3:

1. Historical Perspectives of Cytology
2. Modern Microscopes
3. Cell Size and Structure
4. Cell Organelles

a. The Nucleus
b. The Cell Wall
c. Protoplasm
d. The Plasma Membrane
e. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
f. Ribosomes
g. Mitochondria
h. The Golgi Apparatus
i. Plastids
j. Microtubules and Microfilaments

5. Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells
6. Cyclosis
7. Cellular Reproduction

The Cell Cycle

a. Interphase
b. Mitosis
c. Prophase
d. Metaphase
e. Anaphase
f. Telophase

8. Communication between cells
9. Differences between the cells of higher plants and animals

Lecture Outline 4:

1. Meristematic Tissues

a. Apical Meristems
b. Vascular Cambium
c. Cork Cambium
d. Intercalary meristems

2. Permanent Tissues

a. Parenchyma
b. Collenchyma
c. Sclerenchyma
d. Secretory Tissues
e. Epidermis

3. Complex Tissues

a. Xylem
b. Phloem
c. Periderm

Lecture Outline 5:

1. External form of a Woody Twig
2. Origin and Development of Stems
3. Tissue Patterns of Stems
4. Herbaceous Dicotyledenous Stems
5. Woody Dicotyledenous Stems
6. Monocotyledenous Stems
7. Specialized Stems

a. Rhizomes
b. Stolons
c. Tubers
d. Bulbs
e. Corms
f. Cladophylls

8. Other Specialized Stems
9. Wood Characteristics and Uses

a. Density
b. Durability
c. Types of Sawing d. Knots
d. Woody Products

Lecture Outline 6:

1. The Root Cap
2. The Region of Cell Division
3. The Region of Elongation
4. The Region of Maturation
5. Specialized Roots

a. Food-storage Roots
b. Water-storage Roots
c. Propagative Roots
d. Pneumatophores
e. Aerial Roots
f. Contractile Roots
g. Buttress Roots
h. Parasitic Roots
i. Mycorrhizae
j. Root Nodules

7. Human Relevance of Roots

Lecture Outline 7:

1. Leaf Arrangements and Types
2. Internal Structure of Leaves
3. Stomata
4. Mesophyll and Veins
5. Air Spaces
6. Specialized Leaves

a. Shade Leaves
b. Leaves of Arid Region
c. Tendrils
d. Spines
e. Storage Leaves
f. "Flower Pot" Leaves
g. Window Leaves
h. Reproductive Leaves
i. Floral Leaves (Bracts)
j. Insect Trapping Leaves

i. Pitcher Plants
ii. Sundews
iii. Venus Flytraps
iv. Bladderworts

7. Leaf Color Changes in Autumn
8. Abscission
9. Human Ecological Relevance of Leaves

Lecture Outline 8:

1. Photosynthesis
2. The Essence of Photosynthesis

a. Carbon Dioxide
b. Water
c. Light
d. Chlorophyll

3 . Introduction to Major Steps of Photosynthesis

a. The Light Reactions

i. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
ii.. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

b. The Dark Reactions

i. The Calvin Cycle ii. The 4-Carbon Pathway
iii. CAM Photosynthesis

4. Respiration

a. The Essence of Respiration
b. Introduction to Major Steps of Respiration

i. Glycolysis
ii. Aerobic Respiration
iii. The Krebs Cycle
iv. The Electron Transport Chain

c. Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation
d. Factors Affecting the Rate of Respiration

i. Temperature
ii. Water
iii. Oxygen

Lecture Outline 9:

1. Plant Hormones

a. Auxins
b. Gibberellins
c. Cytokinins
d. Ethylene

2. Plant Development

a. Apical Dominance
b. Senescence

3. Plant Movements

a. Growth Movements
b. Stimulus-induced Growth

i. External Stimuli
ii. Photoperiodism
iii. Gravitropism
iv. Other Tropisms

c. Helical Movements
d. Nodding Movements
e. Contraction Movements
f. Nastic Movements

4. Phytochrome
5. Photoperiodism
6. Florigen
7. Temperature and Growth
8. Dormancy and Quiescence

Lecture Outline 10:

1. The Phases of Meiosis
2. Division I (Meiosis I) or Reduction Division

a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I

3. Division II (Meiosis II) or Equational Division

a. Prophase II
b. Metaphase II
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II

4. Alteration of Generation

Lecture Outline 11:

1. Mendel and His Work

a. The Monohybrid Cross
b. The Hybrid Cross
c. The Backcross

2. Linkage
3. Chromosome Mapping
4. The Hardy-Weinberg Law
5. Interactions between Genes

6. Molecular Genetics

a. Structure of DNA
b. Replication (Duplication) of DNA
c. Gene Structure of Expression
d. RNA and Protein Synthesis
e. Specific Types of RNA and their Functions

7. The Mechanism of Gene Expression
8. Transcription
9. Translation

10. The Nature of Mutations
11. How Do Genes Produce Phenotypes

Lecture Outline 12:

Traditional Vegetative Propagation

a. Stem Cuttings
b Leaf Cuttings
c. Root Cuttings
d. Propagation from Specialized Stems and Roots

2. Traditional Plant Breeding

a. The Green Revolution
b. Current Exploration
c. Hybridization
d. Polyploidy
e. Mutations

3. Tissue Culture and Mericloning

a. Tissue Culture
b. Shoot Meristem Cloning (Mericloning)
c. Artificial Seeds
d. Protoplast Fusion
e. Clonal Variants

4. Genetic Engineering and DNA Technology

a. Isolation of Plasmid DNA
b. Restriction Enzymes
c. Repair Enzymes
d. Protein Sequences and Gene Synthesizers

5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technology

a. Cell Bombardment and Electroporation
b. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering
c. A Few Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering